RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar varios métodos de ruptura de las esporas de Ganoderma lucidum y extraer sus propiedades bioactivas. Para este propósito se evaluaron diferentes técnicas de rompimiento como: la maceración manual (RM), la maceración con esferas de diversos materiales (BR) y la exposición a microondas junto la maceración de las esporas con esferas de acero/cromo (MBR1). La ruptura de las esporas fue evaluada por espectroscopia UV-Vis, la cual mostró que las vibraciones 2955, 1642, 1240, 1080 y 1746 cm-1 correspondieron a cambios estructurales en las paredes de las esporas. El extracto MBR1 presento el mayor contenido de carbohidratos (19,80 mg.g-1) y polifenoles (2,21 mg.g-1), mientras que el extracto BR tuvo una mayor actividad antioxidante (57,22% Inb DPPH). Los extractos MBR1 y BR también presentaron en el análisis de monosacáridos un 62,2 y 73,5% de contenido glucosa. Como conclusión la mejor metodología para extraer biomoléculas de las paredes de las esporas de G. lucidum fueron el tratamiento térmico con microondas y la ruptura de las paredes con esferas de acero/cromo, porque este proceso permitió la extracción de una mayor cantidad de carbohidratos con posibles propiedades antioxidantes.

SUMMARY This study aimed at evaluating effective methods for breaking the hard and insoluble spores of Ganoderma lucidum to recover functional biomolecules. Rupture techniques were evaluated such as manual maceration (RM), maceration with spheres of various materials (BR), and microwave exposure plus maceration with steel/ chrome spheres (MBR1). Spore rupture was evaluated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, which showed vibrations of 2955, 1642, 1240, 1080 and 1746 cm-1 corresponding to changes in spore walls. The MBR1 extract contained the largest amounts of carbohydrates (19.80 mg.g-1 spores) and polyphenols (2.21 mg.g-1 spores), whereas the BR extract had higher antioxidant activity (57.22%Inb DPPH). The MBR1 and BR extracts contained 62.2 and 73.5% glucose, respectively. Both methods also involved significant extraction of carbohydrates and proteins. The best way to extract biomolecules from spore walls is to perform a microwave heat treatment and break the walls with steel/chrome spheres; this produces large quantities of carbohydrates with antioxidant properties.

Materials obtained by the immobilization of 12-tungstophosphoric acid (PTA) on silica using the method of impregnation with excess solution in distinct solvents (aqueous HCl, methanol:H2O, and acetonitrile) were evaluated for use as catalysts in the methyl esterification of stearic acid. Optimum conditions were established for the impregnation of 0.5 g (w/w) of PTA on amorphous silica, under stirring at 150 rpm for 24 h, using 20 mL of 0.1 mol L-1 HCl as the solvent. After calcination at 200 ºC, high conversions were obtained under mild reaction conditions, resulting in high turnover numbers. The catalyst was evaluated in ten catalytic cycles of use, where the activity was reduced only slightly, attesting its stability and the possibility to apply it to industrial production of methylesters.

No presente estudo, objetivou-se comparar a resistência da linha de cola de painéis de Pinus taeda colados lateralmente com diferentes adesivos industriais. Foram analisados três tipos de adesivos (poli(vinil) acetato (PVAc), emulsão polimérica de isocianato (EPI) e poliuretano (PU)) colados em duas orientações (radial e tangencial) e avaliados após os condicionamentos de ensaio (a seco e a úmido). Foram preparados 360 corpos de prova para a determinação da resistência ao cisalhamento dos painéis colados lateralmente de Pinus taeda e, estes foram testados em máquina universal de ensaio EMIC. A resistência da linha de cola ao cisalhamento a seco foi inferior nas peças coladas no sentido tangencial para os três tipos de adesivos analisados. O adesivo PU apresentou os maiores valores médios de resistência ao cisalhamento nos condicionamentos aplicados, diferindo, estatisticamente, do adesivo PVAc e do adesivo EPI quando testado a seco e não diferindo dos demais adesivos quando testado a úmido. O maior valor percentual de falha na madeira foi observado após o ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento a seco para o adesivo EPI colado no sentido radial. E em cisalhamento a úmido, o adesivo EPI e o adesivo PU colados no sentido tangencial apresentaram valores médios superiores de falha na madeira. Assim, foi possível concluir que a resistência da linha de cola da madeira de Pinus taeda foi influenciada pelo tipo de adesivo e pela orientação de colagem, além de se comportar diferenciadamente conforme a condição de uso (seco ou úmido).

The study compares the strength of the glue line of edge glued panels of Pinus taeda made with different industrial adhesives. Three types of adhesives (poly(vinyl) acetate (PVAc), emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI) and polyurethane (PU)) glued in two side gluing orientation (radial and tangential) and analyzed after the conditioning tests (dry and wet) were analyzed. The 360 specimens were prepared for determining the shear strength of edge glued panels of Pinus taeda, and these were tested in a universal testing machine called EMIC. The shear strength of the glue line at dry condition was lower in the tangential side for the three types of adhesives analyzed. The PU adhesive showed the highest values of shear strength in the applied conditions, differing from PVAc and EPI adhesive when tested on dry condition and did not differ from the others adhesives when tested on wet condition. The highest percentage of wood failure was observed after the shear strength test at dry condition to EPI adhesive glued in the radial side. And in the wet condition, the EPI adhesive and PU adhesive glued in tangential side showed higher mean values of wood failure. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the strength of the glue line of Pinus taeda wood was influenced by the type of adhesive and side gluing orientation, and showed differently behavior according to the condition of use (wet or dry).

RESUMO Objetivou-se a quantificação química dos preservantes, identificação anatômica da espécie florestal e dos principais agentes deterioradores dos postes de madeira de uma rede de distribuição de energia elétrica da Ilha do Mel, no litoral do Estado do Paraná. Além disso, foram propostas formas de prolongar a vida útil do poste em uso. Os postes foram caracterizados anatomicamente e a identificação e quantificação química foram realizadas por meio de análise colorimétrica e absorção atômica. Avaliou-se a retenção média amostral pelo teste t de Student e na comparação entre os grupos foi aplicado o teste de Fisher. A identificação dos agentes deterioradores foi realizada de acordo com a inspeção visual, com o auxílio de pequenas ferramentas. As análises anatômicas identificaram os postes como sendo da espécie Eucalyptus grandis. Os testes químicos qualitativos revelaram a presença de preservante arseniato de cobre cromatado (CCA) e borato de cobre cromatado (CCB) tendo os índices de retenção para CCA apresentado valores inferiores ao mínimo recomendado. Os resultados da inspeção visual indicaram ataques por pica-paus, fungos e cupins. Para o modelo de gerenciamento foram propostas ações integradas desde o recebimento da matéria-prima, monitoramento e manutenção dos postes.

ABSTRACT The objectives were the chemical quantification of preservatives, the anatomical identification of forest species and the principal decay agent identification of wood poles from an electric distribution system in 'Ilha do Mel', in the coast of Paraná state. It was also proposed a methodology to extend the poles useful life. The poles were anatomically characterized and the identification and the chemical quantification were done by colorimetric analysis and atomic absorption. The mean retention was evaluated by t test and comparison of groups was done by Fisher test. The decay agent identification was done by visual inspection, with little tools. The anatomical analysis identified the poles how Eucalyptus grandis species. The qualitative chemical tests showed cupper chromo arseniate (CCA) and cupper chromo borate (CCB) presence, with the retention index for CCA with lesser values than the minimum recommended by rule. The visual inspection results indicated woodpecker, fungi and termite attacks. To management model proposed integrated actions like raw material receiving, monitoring and pole maintenance.

Catalyst based on Kegging-type heteropolyacids (H3PW12O40 - HPA), supported on SiO2 (H3PW), were prepared by the impregnation method under different thermal treatment conditions. The materials were characterized by different instrumental techniques and used as catalysts in the methyl esterification reactions of stearic acid. Using the catalyst with 15% of HPA, conversions higher than 60% were obtained after 2 h of reaction at 65 ºC. Recovery studies using hot-filtration with ethanol at 75 ºC showed satisfactory activity for two additional reaction cycles.

Increasing search for new materials with high premium on eco-friendliness, new trend is emerging in materials development such as composites, which are well established for a wide variety of applications. With growing interest and importance of renewable bioresources has led to more stress on the use of locally available materials. This paper presents preliminary results on the preparation and characterization of composites based on Brazilian coconut fibers and starches of cassava and corn. The raw materials were characterized for their morphology, chemical composition, and thermal properties and X-ray diffraction studies. Coir fibers were also tested for their tensile properties showing increasing strength and Young's modulus with decreasing diameter, while the % elongation remaining constant. Lignin content of coir was found to be 35%. Structure and properties of composites containing 0, 5 10, 15% fibers in both the matrices and prepared by compression molding would be compared. For the 2 types of starch, there was an increase in the tensile strength by the increasing proportion of fiber. The effect of moisture in the composite stress affects the strength and percentage elongation. The water absorption was higher in the composites made from cassava starch.